Valedictory Speech - 1578 Words

Valedictory Speech Few will have the greatness to bend history itself; but each of us can work to change a small portion of events, and in the total of all those acts will be written the history of this generation. Yes, ours would be a generation to remember, also to cherish. A very happy morning to one and all present here. The ability to grow from childishness to maturity, from perplexity to lucidity has been unwearingly nurtured and prudently inculcated by a significant number of people – people that we need to pay econium to and express acknowledgement. And I, Sanjana Khanter am here to express this heartfelt gratitude on behalf of my fellow batchmates who’re sitting down there, each looking gorgeous in their chosen hues.†¦show more content†¦Hanging out at whenever possible, stealing chocolates from each others pockets, the pepsi and water fights, betting over silly things and bugging friends for birthday treats – can we relive those moments ? The three best periods, we call them. Drill, art and needle work during which all we would’ve done is the tik tik 1 to 10 during name-place-animal-thing, yelling bingo, or playing â€Å"oh pillar catterpillar† also â€Å"fire in the mountain, run, run, run.† And now coming to the most vital part of school. US ! ... How can school life be replete without that one close confidante, that group to hang out with, that â€Å"healthy† rivalry or even the â€Å"occasional† gossip! Every chat, every excursion, every mid-night call during exams takes its place in memory. Those freindship days, bands, cards, nothing can beat the excitement. Those punishments we received, those unwritten tests, those ribbons and polished shoe checking sessions in the assembly will forever be in our hearts. Maya Angelou said, â€Å"But nobody, no nobody can make it out here alone† and I think my fellow mates will agree with me when I say that this moment would not have been possible for each of us without strong support systems. Friends- whose lives have enriched mine, whose hearts have reached out to me in times of need and whose friendship I cherish. I am indebted to your loyalty that gave me a sense of security and oneness as we strived. We la ughed; we cried; we were angry; we were sad; we ran; we fell; weShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Valedictory Speech Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesValedictory Speech As we stand here today celebrating we are all united by a common thread. What could you or I possibly have in common with Mr MacMaster or Mrs Symes? We are all unique individuals! How appropriate that our College Mission Statement start with: â€Å"to celebrate the uniqueness of each individual.† My schooling at St Andrew started 13 years ago, as a Prep student. We were all a little ‘green’, similar to fragile seedlings of a fruit tree. This was our beginnings of formal educationRead MoreVote of Thanks1637 Words   |  7 Pageswelcome speech and vote of thanks are some of the responsibilities bestowed on us if we work in an organisation. Alas! I am faced with the puzzle of how to give vote of thanks. Did you have to face this situation? Well, you need not panic. First and foremost, we need to understand that there is no vote of thanks template, be it a vote of thanks for farewell party or a vote of thanks for teachers day. But of course we need to keep in mind certain guidelines before preparing for a speech and presentationRead MoreReflection Of Illusion1635 Words   |  7 Pagesof Illusion I stare blankly at the blinking caret. Propped up snugly against three quilted pillows and one calculus textbook is my laptop. To be more specific, a laptop opened to an empty Microsoft Word document. Writing a speech is no easy task, but writing a valedictory address is like playing darts with spaghetti. Humbly accepting the position as the class valedictorian, I have been graced with the task of writing an excerpt that would fill my classmates’ hearts with both comfort and motivationRead MoreSlideshow Alley : Event Management Plan1674 Words   |  7 Pagesschool-wide event. Which will include planning, organization and staging of the event. Although students will be planning the event as a group, individual report will be required. Objectives The objectives of the event: †¢ To raise money for the Year 12 Valedictory †¢ Increase involvement and entertainment within the school †¢ To motivate students in BCT class particularly Year 12’s with direct experience of enterprise †¢ Develop skills related to creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation. Concept The typeRead MoreMartin Luther King975 Words   |  4 PagesThe month of May is set aside each year to celebrate African American History. When you think of Black History month, the first thing that we all think about is the historical speech, â€Å"I have a dream†. However, he did so much more than just present the speech that we all are familiar with had moral values that he stood for and was the leader of many civil right movements. This man is known as Martin Luther King. He was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Jr.’s parents were ReverendRead MoreThe Narrator As An Invisible Man1305 Words   |  6 Pagesinvited to give his high school valedictory speech in front of leading white men in his community. When the Narrator arrives to give his speech, he is forced to participate in a boxing style competition, along with several other boys, for the entertainment of the white men in attendance. Invisible Man and the boys are then made to fu rther humiliate themselves by having to grab coins off of an electrified rug. Once this is over, the Narrator is allowed to give his speech. The men love it until the NarratorRead MoreTo What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally Change Politically, Socially, and Economically in America?884 Words   |  4 Pagesclothing for the American forces to utilize. Document J, a valedictory address by Molly Wallace from the Young Ladies’ Academy of Pennsylvania notifies us that friendly encouragement allowed herself to overcome apprehension due to sex, youth, and inexperience which will be an example that women can do anything they set their mind to and that if women are not denied the right to read, moreover they should not be denied the right to speak. Her speech increased discussion of educational opportunities forRead MoreEssay on Dbq Anerican Revolution1205 Words   |  5 Pagesgave some power to the states. The Framers also added a Bill of Rights to dissuade Antifede ralists that the new government gave too much power to the national government. This Bill of Rights protected American many civil liberties such as freedom of speech and assembly; right to bear arms and a fair trial; as well as freedom of religion. Pre-Revolution, England had imposed its religion on the colonies, however, after the war, states began to guarantee freedom of worship as evidenced by the â€Å"StatutesRead MoreGraduation by Maya Angelou Critique1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthat part of Arkansas† (Angelou 29). Angelou understands that Donleavy’s speech is a mere preliminary towards his election. After Donleavy finishes his speech, he leaves as quickly as he entered the auditorium. The remainder of graduation is lost in the unpleasantness that was left behind. Angelou claims that her own name has lost its meaning. Henry Reed delivers his valedictory address to the students. After his speech, he turns to the graduating class and leads them in singing the Negro nationalRead MoreRules And Requirements Of The Records Required From A Hui Meeting1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgreeting †¢ hui– any kind of gathering, including weddings, funerals and meetings †¢ iwi– tribe, people †¢ kai– food †¢ karanga- performed by women †¢ kawa– marae procedure †¢ koha– a gift of money, given by the manuhiri to the tangatawhenau †¢ korero – talk, speech, narrative †¢ maihi– barge boards of the meeting house, arms of ancestor †¢ mana– prestige †¢ manuhiri– visitos to the marae †¢ maoritanga– the Maori way of life †¢ marae– area of land in front of the meeting house or, more loosly, the area occupied by

Stoicism Epictetus Seneca - 1141 Words

Stoicism: Epictetus Seneca Born of different backgrounds, upbringings, and experiences, Epictetus and Seneca are Roman philosophers who outwardly appear very different. Epictetus spent most of his youth as a slave while Seneca was born into money and became a tutor of Nero. Although these two men seem to be very dissimilar, they each shared a common purpose in studying philosophy and teaching people on how to live well. Each suggested different paths for how to do so. Epictetus suggests in his book, The Discourses and The Enchiridion, that living a life in accordance with nature could be achieved by living moderately. Seneca suggests in his work, Letters from a Stoic, that a happy man is self-sufficient and realizes that happiness depends only on interior perfection. Despite the differences, both Epictetus and Seneca are considered Stoics because of their shared belief in the idea that character is the only guarantee of everlasting, carefree happiness. The world outside ourselves will never give us happiness, nor will it be responsible for our unhappiness. It doesn’t matter what’s happening outside ourselves, Epictetus and Seneca claim that the only thing that matters is how we interpret those events. Further evaluating Seneca’s, Letters from a Stoic and Epictetus’s, The Discourses and The Enchiridion, we will clearly be able to differentiate the two in their ideas and opinions regarding stoicism and the keys to living a well, happy life. The correct path to happinessShow MoreRelatedEssay Marcus Aurelius and Stoic Philosophy1270 Words   |  6 Pagesand Stoic Philosophy Stoicism is a belief that the universe, despite its appearances, is completely rational and guided by fate. Within it, individuals can, by conforming themselves to divine reason, find their proper place, learn to accept whatever happens with a strong and tranquil mind, and fulfill their obligations to society. These beliefs are the heart of Stoicism, a philosophy that originated in Athens during the 3rd century BC. Stoicism can be divided into three periods:Read MoreThe Tenets Of Stoic Wisdom997 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy are multifaceted, and Stoicism is no exception. Stoicism is, however, best known for its ethics, which states that virtue is the only important ethical concern. Stoics share this idea with Socrates, who believed that â€Å"wealth, and every good thing which men have, whether in public, or in private, comes from virtue.† The cardinal virtues that guide Stoic ethics are wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance. Wisdom Wisdom is the primary source of Stoic virtues. Stoicism holds intellect as the mainRead More Stoicism in Ancient Rome Essay2331 Words   |  10 Pages Stoicism made the transition from an intriguing foreign philosophy to a popular practice because it was taken up by several high profile figures. Scipio Africanus, the original esteemed Roman Stoic died in 129 BCE, but about 40 years later a new crop of celebrated Romans took up the Stoic practice. During the fall of the Roman Republic a group of famed orators, generals, and statesmen including Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 BCE), Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE), Pompey the Great (106-48 BCE),Read MoreImpact of Greek Culture on the Romans790 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosophy seeped through into other disciplines such as poetry, when Lucretius â€Å"popularized the materialist theories of Democritus and Leucippus† (Fiero 143). Stoicism was used not only to enforce Roman ideals, but also influenced the minds of people such as Marcus Aurelius. The Romans produced Stoic philosophers such as Epictetus, and Seneca. Greek philosophers provided the foundation, and the Romans adapted it to fit the needs of their culture, such as to â€Å"encourage the Roman sense of duty† (FieroRead MoreClinical Psychology Interview1575 Words   |  7 Pagestheir thoughts. People who seek CBT can expect their therapist to be active, problem-focused, and goal-directed. Ellis drew from Seneca and Epictetus in devising rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), a way of thinking about thinking that ushered in psychologys cognitive revolution. Being that Ellis is stoic philosopher he believes that tenet of REBT is stoicism. A person can use it to cope with seemingly horrible events. Some things are bad, a few things are exceptionally bad but not awfulRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology2160 Words   |  9 Pagesstates â€Å"The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers, particularly Zeno of Citium (fourth century BC), Chrysippus, Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Epictetus wrote in The Enchiridion, â€Å"Men are disturbed not by things but by the views which they take of them†. Like Stoicism, Eastern philosophies such as Taoism and Buddhism have emphasized that human emotions are based on ideas. Control of most intense feelings may be achieved by changing one’sRead MoreThe Philosopher King2423 Words   |  10 Pagesthe end of Pax Romana and so he ruled during a time of peace and security in Rome (Perry 146). The Roman empire still faced some invasion like the Germanic people in northern Italy. Also, stoicism was the main school of thought at that time. Some of the main emperors who followed Stoic thought was Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius (152). Stoics believe the universe is governed by reason, which is why Aureli us valued human intellect. They also believed everyone belonged to a common humanity and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Public Listed Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 998 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Generally, the capital of a public listed company is raised from the public. Unlike private limited company, public listed companies have the rights to issue shares on the stock exchange. They can issue shares easily in the share market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages And Disadvantages Of Public Listed Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, it often requires less time and expenses to issue shares. Therefore, a public listed company can raise large capital in a short period of time without having to spend much. The capital raised can be used to finance business activities for growth, expansion or pay off existing debts. It can also be used to fund research and development, buying assets and acquisitions. Thus, the value of the company will also increase with the growth of the public listed company. ii) Institutional Investment In most of the time, the investment bankers and funds seldom invest in private limited companies. However, they most probably will invest in your company when it is a public listed company. It will eventually increase the companys capital funding alternatives and ability. This is because the investors will gain liquidity and also the fact that public listed companies are more transparent due to the financial report announced publicly. The banks will have more confident towards public companies and less hesitation to lend money to them. As well, public listed companies often receive more favorable lending terms when borrowing from financial institutions. iii) Increase Visibility According to Chris Joseph (2009), being a public listed company means increased visibility and also exposure. The company will gain more awareness from the public through media coverage and publicly filed documents. This can improve the companys profile and eventually increase the value of the company in terms of shares. The increased visibility usually will receive many attractions from the potential customers and investors. This is not something that private company can easily do. Besides, it gives the public listed company a greater level of prestige. Prestige serves as a free source of marketing and helps promote the company as the company gains publicity. iv) Ability to Utilize Stock to Make Acquisitions The stock of a public listed company is as valuable as cash when acquiring other companies or assets. As a public listed company, it creates a type of currency in the form of its stock and the company can use it to make acquisitions. The markets valuation is used by public company when exchanging stock in an acquisition. In another words, public listed company have the ability to utilize stock to make acquisitions. Usually, it is less expensive and easier compared to private companies. v) Greater Employee Attraction and Retention For a public listed company, there will be greater employee attraction. Public listed company mostly does not have difficulty recruiting qualified workers compared to private company (Chris Joseph, n.d.). This is because public listed companies might be more attractive to potential employees since they can pay higher salaries due to the additional capital. These companies also offer enhanced benefits and incentives to motivate employees and improve retention. Besides, the employees also have higher chance to be promoted. Therefore, it creates great employee attraction and retention. Hence, it also increases the companys performance and generates higher profits. Disadvantages i) Profit-sharing Since public listed companies can issue shares, then they have to pay dividends. This means that public listed companies have to share their profits with others, the shareholders. The higher the number of shareholders, the more people the company has to share profits with. Thus, the earnings after paying dividends will be lower. ii) Loss of Overall Control According to Girish Ramachandran (2009), loss of overall control is one of the main disadvantages of being a public listed company. This is because the company has to share ownership with others such as the investors and also the shareholders. As the owners of the company, they have the rights to voice out their opinions and vote for matters that can affect the companys operations. The existing management may have loss of overall control of the company especially when the company is controlled by a group of investors. iii) Loss of Privacy Girish Ramachandran (2009) states that a public listed company will suffer loss of privacy. This is because as a public company, it will attract a lot of media interest as well as has to publish full disclosure about its operations and plans. Additionally, the law also requires the company to publish sensitive information, mostly annually, to prevent insider trading and also to protect the investors. There will be a loss of privacy because the companys financial report that consist of the sales, gross profit, net income, assets and liabilities will be publicly announced. This is a disadvantage as the other competitors can know about the financial position of the company. iv) High Reporting Requirements As a public listed company, there are additional obligations and reporting requirements because they have to fulfill a lot of regulatory requirements and meet accepted standards of corporate governance. Based on Investopedia (2009), public listed companies are regulated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in regard to periodic financial reporting. Comprehensive audited financial statements must be prepared by all the public listed companies and also publish annual reports. Consequently, the company will have to incur high expenses to meet the reporting requirements. In addition, this disclosure provides information to competitors which are a drawback for the public listed companies. v) Pressures to Increase Earnings Although being a public listed company can issue shares, however this also means that there is an increase in accountability to the public shareholders. The shareholders are critical on the performance of the company and constantly look for rising profits. Therefore, public listed companies have to face added pressure of the market to increase earnings. The interest of the shareholders will have to be considered first although it may differ from the companys objectives. Eventually, this may cause them to focus more on short-term results rather than long-term growth (Investopedia, 2009). Hence, to boost earnings, the management even may agree to do somewhat questionable practices.

Essay on Four Most Important Problems Facing America

Throughout this essay, I will be discussing what I believe to be the four most important problems facing the United States of America today. I will present these problems in order for most important, to least important. I will talk about how these problems came to be and discuss what my research stated. I will then give my reasoning for selecting each problem and discuss my ideas for correcting these problems. I believe that America is facing a great deal of problems at this time; however, the top four issues in my opinion are economic instability, unemployment, gun control and limitations on Constitutional rights. I selected my top four based upon how the issue impacts American citizens and their families. I also selected things that I†¦show more content†¦I think that there should also be corrections to the Medicaid problem because that is causing many children to go without insurance. When children do not have insurance and they have to go to the doctor, the parents are paying a great deal of money for the treatment for their children and that may cost their family food for a few days. Families all over the country are in different situations but the debt and the high cost of living are not helping the citizens. Due to the high cost of living, many parents have to work more than one job to provide for their families; however, due to the high percentages of unemployment, many pa rents cannot obtain two or more jobs. The second most important problem facing America is the high unemployment rates. The unemployment rates are constantly fluctuating, causing uncertainty among the American people. The unemployment has come down a bit over the past few years according to Trading Economics. â€Å"Unemployment Rate in the United States decreased to 6.70 percent in December of 2013 from 7 percent in November of 2013†. (Trading Economics, 2014, p.1) I believe that it is good that the unemployment rates are coming down, but they should be a lot lower. I believe a way to correct this problem would be to remove some restrictions by the health care law on employers making them able to hire moreShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of The American Public School System1344 Words   |  6 Pages If America s Schools are to meet the needs of the twenty first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to try to fix the schools; they must be reconstructed in both fundamental and radical ways. The school system must be restructured. The future of the American public school system is significant because the maintenance of an informed and productive citizenry is vital to the future of this country. Historically Americans have strongly asserted the importance of public schools inRead MoreThat Can Be Us By Thomas Friedman And Michael Mandelbaum1561 Words   |  7 Pages That Used to be Us by Thomas Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum discusses the four major challenges that the United States faces, globalization, the IT revolution, chronic deficits, and energy consumption. The authors also give plausible solutions to the problems facing America and stress the point that if something is not done now then the United States will face the consequences. Is the American Century Over? by Joseph Nye argues that the American century is not over, and gives scenarios of possibleRead MoreEssay about Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer1558 Words   |  7 Pagesit will be facing and is currently facing due to a lack of technology and education. It clearly articulates that the jobs of routine producers and in-person servers have vanished totally as modern techniques have replaced them. The author has stated that th e only people whose jobs are on the rise are symbol analysts. As stated in the report, symbol analysts are the real problem solvers. Their skills are highly in demand worldwide because they are the ones who first analyze the problem and then solveRead MoreThe War Of The United States974 Words   |  4 Pagesreflected on this shift on the horizon. â€Å"‘Our War’ had become the world war, in which we were a tremendously important unit, but no longer in control of the decisions.† It can be argued that the Cold War began before the smoke in Europe had even cleared Change Even before the war in Europe had ended, it had become obvious that there was going to be a shift in economic power. Most of Europe was facing mass rebuilding from the destruction of the war. This need for reconstruction was greatly seen withinRead MoreNegative Effects Of Immigration In America1651 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration in America â€Å"America was indebted to immigration for her settlement and prosperity. That part of America which had encouraged them most had advanced most rapidly in population, agriculture and the arts†-James Madison The quote as stated above by James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, explains the purpose for America and why immigration is the heart and soul of the country. The first part of the quote directly says immigrants are what brought America into the world.Read MoreThe American Civil War : Three Perspectives1629 Words   |  7 PagesStates lost the Civil War is based on three articles, each with a different perspective. According to Died of Democracy by David Donald, the Confederates were defeated because of internal challenges facing the 11 Sothern States seeking independence. Some of the challenges facing the Confederate States of America included a predominantly agricultural economy and slave revolts. In Why the South Lost by Beringer et al., the authors argue that the Confederates lost because of their weak nationalism, whichRead MoreHunger in America1463 Words   |  6 PagesHunger in America can be hard to recognize. With how the economy is now, the effects of hunger are more severe. Many Americans are relying on food stamps and private organizations to help with this crisis. Millions in this nation are currently suffering from hunger in America. Half of that being from job loss. More than 12,000,000 children suffer from food insecure hunger because of limited or uncertain access to nutritious food. About 900,000 are hungry in the three- country Detroit metropolitanRead MoreThe American Public School System1712 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, Americans have strongly asserted the importance of public schools in a democracy and despite the growing hatred for the face value of the school system, public schools remain central to commonwealth in the United States. For over a century, America s public schools have been an essential source of the country s power. Public education has created citizens that became productive members of society by providing them with the skills and knowledge necessary for the labor force. Schools have preparedRead MoreHow Comprehensive Sexuality Educational Class At Young Age Affect Teenagers?1673 Words   |  7 Pagesschool, they could turn into complex activities that put their wellbeing at risk. On the other hand, when parents establish the value of their children, young people more frequently increase positive, healthful thoughts about themselves. Even though most adults desire youth to identify about abstinence, contraception, and how to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), parents regularly have difficulty communicating about sex. However, constructive communication among parents andRead MoreShakespsear867 Words   |  4 Pagesthe same drawer where weve stuck Homer, Plato and Ovid? Given the society of North America in the 21 st century, Shakespeares relevance is declining with each new technical advance. The purpose of this essay is to prove isnt it time to address this question head on, even at the risk of causing legions of English teachers to collapse in horror? Speaking to the world may be the least of the challenges facing those who want the teaching of Shakespeare. Shakespeares English is the language as

Cognitive Approaches in Psychology Free Essays

string(169) " that the nurture argument is most represented by the behaviourist approach as behaviourists believe that all behaviour is the outcome of learning through conditioning\." In this essay I will outline two approaches in psychology, compare and contrast them as well discussing the nature and nurture debate regarding both approaches. I will be examining a theorist from each approach outlining and evaluating his theory including the positive alltributes along with the negative. Finally I will include a therapy from each theorist and approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Approaches in Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Behaviourist approach focuses on the concept of explaining behaviour by observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently and suffer illnesses. The Behaviourist approach believes that behaviour is influenced by each and every individuals experiences. This could include their background, social and home living circumstances. Behaviourist psychologists argue that when we are born our mind is ‘tabula rasa’ meaning a blank state and that events taking place in our life time can affect and change the way we behave. Behaviour is the the result of stimulus response, i. e all behaviour no matter how complex can be reduced to a simple stimulus response. All behaviour is learnt from the environment. We learn new behaviour through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is stimulus- response. If a stimulus that results in a emotional response is repeated along with another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, then eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical conditioning is therefore learning by association. Some assumptions are made on the behaviourism approach, for example one assumption made is that there is no mind or body dualism and that everything we do is because of behaviour and not because of the mind. A second assumption would be that discovering a stimuli that causes behaviour associations between stimlulus and response will allow us to predict and control behaviour. They also viewed learning as a change of behaviour due to experience. However some critics object against the behaviourist view that behaviour is determined by our enviromnets as psychologist Garrett (1996) suggested that ‘†¦ behaviour is now shaped by what goes on inside their heads†¦ and not simply by what goes on in the external environment’ (p. 19) Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour. Through operant conditioning, an association can be made between a certain behaviour and a consequence for that behaviour. For example if a good thing is presented and a certain behaviour is encouraged then the behaviour will increase, this is called positive reinforement. However if the good thing is taken away then the behaviour will decrease. For example is a dog is told to fetch the ball and every time it fetches the ball it gets rewarded with a treat. This would influence the dogs behaviour to always fetch the ball as it will be rewarded. Another key feature of the behaviourist approach is the social learning theory. The social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. It says that people can learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of their behaviour. The cognitive approach deals with metal processes or cognitions. These mental processes include memory, thinking and perceptions. Cognition means â€Å"knowing†. Therefore cognition is the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired. Cognitive psychology has been influenced by the developments in computer science and comparisons have often been made between how a cumputer works and we process information. The main focus of the cognitive approach is how information received from our senses is processed by the brain and how this processing affect how we behave. Cognitive processes show examples of hypothetical constructs. This means that we can not directly analyse processes such as thinking but we can dissect what a person is thinking based on how they act. Cognitive psychologists use laboratory experiments to study behaviour. This is because the cognitive approach is a scientific one. These experiments would involve participants taking part in memory tests in strictly controlled conditions. An assumption made about the cognitive approach is that there exists a circular relationship between learning, meaning and memory. The basis for cognitive theories follows this patern in which what is learned is affected by its meaningfulness, the meaning is determined by what is remebered and the memory is affected by what we learn. The cognitive approach places itself in direct opposition to the behaviourist approach which mostly ignores mental processes. The cognitive approach is internal whereas the behaviourist is external as it focuses on the human environment. The cognitive approach examines behaviour which is directed through the mind rather then the body. It studys the thought processes, memory, language, perception and decision making. Whereas the Behaviourist approach examines our behaviour by our responses to our surroundings and the events taking place around us which may influence us to act in a certain way through imitation. It assumes that we learn things by associating certain events with certain consequences and that we will behave in the way that achieves the most desirable consequences. There are many methods in which the cognitive approach examine. Such as the holistic method which is a view that all aspects of people’s needs such as the psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. The nature and nurture debate is one of the longest running debates in the area of psychology in which theorists have various different views and opinions. Nurture is the view that everything we learn is through interaction with our surrounding environment, this could include with people, family and mass media. Some assumptions of this approach would be that the nurture theory did not discount that genetics exist but argues that they simply made no difference to how we behave and act. Studies on children temperament showed the most crucial evidence for the nurture theory. Another would be that the nurture argument is most represented by the behaviourist approach as behaviourists believe that all behaviour is the outcome of learning through conditioning. You read "Cognitive Approaches in Psychology" in category "Essay examples" The nature theory focuses on the heredity and specific genes which can determine passing on of traits such as eye colour and skin colour. The nature theory would suggest that even personality, intelligence and aggression is also encoded in our DNA. Some assumptions of this approach would be that behaviour is innate, conditions such a schizophrenia show genetic links and a large amount of research shows that there is a link between hormones and aggression. Behaviourism follows the nurture approach as it studies that we learn from our environment, hence making this approach nurturist. It believes that our behaviour is influenced by our surroundings. Watson- the father of behaviourism quoted: ‘Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will garantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any kind of specialist I might select: doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chef and yes beggar and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tenancies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. ’ Watson is clearly stating that he could change any person from any different social background and race if he could bring them up in his own way. His statement strongly argues the nurture side of the debate. He argued that human behaviour could be conditioned depending on their surroundings. On the other hand the Cognitive approach is an interaction between the two nature and nurture. As much as it focuses on reactions of the senses to the brain and the mind which make it nature it also has many nurture altributes also. The cognitive psychologist would recognise that experience and the environment also contribute and shape these innate abilities. Piaget’s therory backed this up as he believed that humans use their experiences to construct new understandings. He agreed that both nature and nurture are important, humans move through universal stages due to maturation however the rate they mature in depends on experience. He said that people are, by nature active contributors to their own development. Piaget’s argued that both nature and nurture interact to produce cognitive development. He said that the nature side helps the maturation of the brain and the body, along with the ability to percieve and learn. Whereas the nurture helps with the adaptation of children and how they respond to their enviroment. Bandura was a behaviourist theorist. He believed that there are three sources of models which influenced humans behaviour, these included the family, the mass media and the sub-culture. He conducted a number of experiments in which he carried out on children. One of his experiments involved an inflatable Bobo doll, his aim was to investigate the effects of observing aggression in an adult model. The procedure of this experiment was for it to take place in a playroom containing a range of toys. Young children watched an adult attacking a large inflatable Bobo doll by hitting it with a hammer and saying ‘pow’! Once the adult left the playroom, the behaviour of the children was then observed. A control group of children who did not see the adult attack the doll were also observed in the playroom. The results showed that the children who had seen the adult attack the doll also attacked the doll in similar ways. However the children who had not seen the adult attack the doll did not. The conclusion to this was that children learned particular behaviours towards the Bobo doll through observational learning and then copied the behaviour when given a chance. Two years later he conducted a similar experiment however this time it was to observe the effects on modelling by children of seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behaviour. This experiment, like the previous involved a bunch of children watching and adult kick and attack a Bobo doll but this time get rewarded for it. Another set of children watched the same thing however saw the adult get punished for it. The children in the group that saw the model being punished were later offered a reward if they could reproduce the behaviour they had observed. The results showed that the children in the group that saw the model get punished for the attack were less likely to imitate that behaviour. This experiment concluded that observation is enough for behaviour to be learned, however reinforcement is necessary for the behaviour to be modelled. The values of Bandura’s social learning theory were that it extended the operant conditioning theory. It focused on the idea of the influence of the social environment in behaviour therefore providing an explanation for cultural and individual differences. It could account for individual differences and allowed for more complex human behaviour. Bandura’s theory had a role to play in personality theory and introduces the idea of vicarious learning. Although the criticisms are that his theories are reductionist, environmental and determinism. Reductionist ways of explaining behaviour often examine one single cause ignoring other explanations. Reductionism attempts to understand and describe the human behaviour in terms of simple components or units. Any explanation of behaviour at its simplest can be described as reductionist. This approach reduces a complex behaviour to a simple set of variables which offer the possibilities of identifying a cause and effect. The reductionist approach is therefor a from of determinism. Determinists believe that it is possible to predict behaviour by identifying the cause of behaviour. His theories were also criticised as being environmental, meaning that the environment that he uses in his experiments can affect the human behaviour. The use of violence towards a doll in his experiments were not ethical as he only used children. It was also sociably incorrect as it was influencing violence to receive a reward. The biological influences are ignored, lack cohesiveness and still excludes influences such as emotions. Jean piaget was a psychologist who studied the development of children’s understanding and how their minds work. His theory on how the children’s mind works and develops has been hugely influential, specially in educational theory. Piaget was particularly interested in the way in which a child’s mind matures in the different developmental stages and how their maturing increases their capacity to understand their world. His theory was that all infants have the same structures and they all have innate reflexes and schemas. He believed that children cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. He thought that childrens thinking develop at different stages, and that at certain points the mind would mature into different capabilities such as the first transition taking place at 18 months, then at the age of 7 and 11 or 12. He meant that before these ages children could not have a capable understanding of certain things in certain ways. The stages which took place according to this theory were firstly the sensorimotor stage which takes place between birth and two years. At this stage the child can identify itself and acts as an agent of action purposely banging on pots and pans to make noises to hear the reaction. The child can differentiate self from objects and learns object permanence realising that objects still do exist even if they are not in sight. The second stage is the pre-operational stage. This is the stage in which the child learns to use language and images to identify objects. However their thinking is still egocentric indicating that they cannot see things from another persons point of view. This stage usually takes place from the age of two till seven. The third stage is called the concrete operational stage, this takes place between the ages of seven and eleven. The final stage is called the formal operational stage, at this stage children start to think about the future and ideological problems. The child’s cognitive structure is more like that of an adults and includes conceptual reasoning. His theory was successful in the fact that they used his theory as a basis for scheduling in the school curriculum. His theory has a huge influence on the understanding of cognitive development and it was the first comprehensive theory of children’s cognitive development. His theory also challenged the traditional idea of the child being passive in development, also as his theory was scientifically based this made it come across as more accurate. However his theory has received some criticism, some critics challenged some of his developmental stages such as the sensorimotor stage and the pre-operational stage. Gelman questioned what Piaget viewed about children as young as four not being able to take on another persons point of view. Gelman believed that it was possible for children to do so. Behaviour therapy refers to techniques based on classical conditioning. This therapy consists of using learning principles to change maladaptive behaviour. There are a number of various behaviour therapies including systematic desensitisation. This therapy is a form of counter conditioning using a hierarchy of fear. One example could be to remove a phobia of animals. The patient is taught how to relax so that relaxation and fear cancel each other out, to do this hypnosis or tranquillisers may be used. It is believed that it is impossible for a person to experience two opposite emotions at the same time. The systematic part of the therapy involves a recorded series of contacts with the object of the phobia. Whilst relaxing a least frightening image of the object is introduced to the patient until this can be done without the patient having any feelings of anxiety. Some of the therapies based on classical conditioning are effective, such as the systematic desensitisation therapy. However it is mostly effective only for anxiety disorders and addictions. They are more effective in phobias than in psychotic disorders. An advantage is that the therapies are relatively quick and only take a few months to work as oppose to psychodynamic treatment which can take years. There is also a high success rate, McGrath found that systematic desensistisation to be effective for around 75% of people with phobias. In the case of single sessions success, if conducted in one session it is proved that 90% of patients with phobias made vast improvements and some were even fully recovered. Systematic desennsitisation helped treat one of the most difficult phobias to treat called agoraphobia, this therapy however helped between 60-80% of cases. Critics of these therapies would suggest that many patients with phobias may have no recollection of bad experiences with the object and simply just have a phobia, therefore the therapies would not be effective and solve the problem. Psychodynamic theorists would say this is due to the symptom being a sign that something unconscious is wrong with the patient. Another disadvantage is the unpredictable effects that the therapy can have on the patient such as heart attacks and hyperventilating. The cognitive approach has many therapies to explain and modify behaviour. Cognitive forms of therapy include the Ellis rational therapy, which is now more commonly known as rational emotive behaviour therapy. Ellis came to conclusions about patients negative thoughts and their tendencies to catastrophise situations making things seem so much worse then they actually are. This therapy focuses on when irrational thoughts are seen as the main cause of all types of emotional distress and behaviour orders. The aim of this therapy is to exchange the irrational unreasonable with the more positive and realistic beliefs and ways of thinking. Patients are encouraged to ‘look on the bright side’. Ellis identified patients irrational beliefs and ideas which are emotionally self defeating and are mostly associated with psychological problems such as negative thoughts and feelings about ones self. Patients are told to practice certain positive statements like â€Å" I can do† rather then â€Å" I can’t do† to help them create a more positive state of mind. The benefits of using such therapies are that it is a structured therapy with outcomes which are achievable, these methods are becoming more commonly used as they are short term and are cost effective aswell as economically effective. This therapy is appealing towards patients who find insight therapies which look deep into their inner emotions and problems seem less threatening and intimidating. Although there are disadvantages of this therapy. It may not uncover the problem completely, however it does almost try to empower patients to help themselves with their issues and feel better. It also may not work well for adults who are not willing to take part and collaborate with the therapist to achieve a new way of thinking. It may also not be successful for those who feel that they can’t achieve self happiness without something or someone else contributing towards it. This therapy is mostly successful for clients suffering from anxiety disorders, stress management and sexual problems. Studies have shown that this therapy is more effective in depression than drugs are and the relapse rate is proved to be lower with cognitive behavioural therapy. This from of therapy has been proved to be more effective then anti depressants. In conclusion, I have included all the points mentioned in the introduction that I said I would include in my essay, I have outlined and evaluated two approaches and discussed two theorists and therapies for each approach. How to cite Cognitive Approaches in Psychology, Essay examples

Prolonged Preservation of the Heart Prior to Trans Essay Example For Students

Prolonged Preservation of the Heart Prior to Trans Essay plantationBiochemistryProlonged Preservation of the Heart Prior to TransplantationPicture this. A man is involved in a severe car crash in Florida which has left him brain-dead with no hope for any kind of recovery. The majority of his vital organs are still functional and the man has designated that his organs be donated to a needy person upon his untimely death. Meanwhile, upon checking with the donor registry board, it is discovered that the best match for receiving the heart of the Florida man is a male in Oregon who is in desperate need of a heart transplant. Without the transplant, the man will most certainly die within 48 hours. The second mans tissues match up perfectly with the brain-dead mans in Florida. This seems like an excellent opportunity for a heart transplant. However, a transplant is currently not a viable option for the Oregon man since he is separated by such a vast geographic distance from the organ. Scientists and doctors are currently only able to keep a donor heart viable for four hours before the tissues become irreversibly damaged. Because of this preservation restriction, the donor heart is ultimately given to someone whose tissues do not match up as well, so there is a greatly increased chance for rejection of the organ by the recipient. As far as the man in Oregon goes, he will probably not receive a donor heart before his own expires. Currently, when a heart is being prepared for transplantation, it is simply submerged in an isotonic saline ice bath in an attempt to stop all metabolic activity of that heart. This cold submersion technique is adequate for only four hours. However, if the heart is perfused with the proper media, it can remain viable for up to 24 hours. The technique of perfusion is based on intrinsically simple principles. What occurs is a physician carefully excises the heart from the donor. He then accurately trims the vessels of the heart so they can be easily attached to the perfusion apparatus. After trimming, a cannula is inserted into the superior vena cava. Through this cannula, the preservation media can be pumped in. What if this scenario were different? What if doctors were able to preserve the donor heart and keep it viable outside the body for up to 24 hours instead of only four hours? If this were possible, the heart in Florida could have been transported across the country to Oregon where the perfect recipient waited. The biochemical composition of the preservation media for hearts during the transplant delay is drastically important for prolonging the viability of the organ. If a media can be developed that could preserve the heart for longer periods of time, many lives could be saved as a result. Another benefit of this increase in time is that it would allow doctors the time to better prepare themselves for the lengthy operation. The accidents that render people brain-dead often occur at night or in the early morning. Presently, as soon as a donor organ becomes available, doctors must immediately go to work at transplanting it. This extremely intricate and intense operation takes a long time to complete. If the transplanting doctor is exhausted from working a long day, the increase in duration would allow him enough time to get some much needed rest so he can perform the operation under the best possible circumstances. Experiments have been conducted that studied the effects of preserving excised hearts by adding several compounds to the media in which the organ is being stored. The most successful of these compounds are pyruvate and a pyruvate containing compound known as perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene-egg yolk phospholipid (APE-LM). It was determined that adding pyruvate to the media improved postpreservation cardiac function while adding glucose had little or no effect. To test the function of these two intermediates, rabbit hearts were excised and preserved for an average of 24.5 1 0.2 hours on a preservation apparatus before they were transplanted back into a recipient rabbit. While attached to the preservation apparatus, samples of the media output of the heart were taken every 2 hours and were assayed for their content. If the compound in the media showed up in large amounts in the assay, it could be concluded that the compound was not metabolized by the heart. If little or none of the compou nd placed in the media appeared in the assay, it could be concluded that compound was used up by the heart metabolism. Art as study the progression of a civilization through time EssayA major obstacle that must be overcome in order for heart transplants to be successful, is the typically prolonged delay involved in getting the organ from donor to recipient. The biochemical composition of the preservation media for hearts during the transplant and transportation delays are extremely important for prolonging the viability of the organ. It has been discovered that adding pyruvate, or pyruvate containing compounds like APE-LM, to a preservation medium greatly improves post-preservation cardiac function of the heart. As was discussed, the pyruvate is able to enter the citric acid cycle and produce sufficient amounts of energy to sustain the heart after it has been excised until it is transplanted. Increasing the amount of time a heart can remain alive outside of the body prior to transplantation from the current four hours to 24 hours has many desirable benefits. As discussed earlier, this increase in time would allow doctors the ability to better match the tissues of the donor with those of the recipient. Organ rejection by recipients occurs frequently because their tissues do not suitably match those of the donors. The increase in viability time would also allow plenty of opportunity for the organ to be transported to the needy person, even if it must go across the country.

Joshua Fletcher Paragraph Orders Spatial free essay sample

Walking to the end of the hallway opens his eyes to a wealth of vibrant chaos. As soon as he peeks through the threshold he Immediately notices the open toy box to his left. The lid is open and most of its contents are not inside. On the wall above, hangs a decorative motorcycle wheeling its way over a boys name, Tactics. Just below, in the corner, is a toddler bed outfitted with Buzz Lightener sheets and his favorite blanket. Crowning the bed are the superheroes Thro, Iron Man, and The Incredible Hulk. Perhaps there has been some great conflict to save the earth?By appearances this seems to be true. Scanning across the room, he sees the bookshelf is awry, books tussled about Its shelves and the floor surrounding It. There also appears to be a princess who shares this room. Maybe its Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, or the Little Mermaid Ariel? For their images adorn the walls, bedding, and curtains of a little girl. And almost instantly a fathers discord is transformed into overwhelming joy, and the disheveled room seems rather unimportant. Chronological I wish that my days started at six a. M. And that got six to eight hours of sleep each night, but rarely thats the case. Usually, Im awakened somewhere between five and six by one of my two children.Half conscious eel the tug of the covers and the weight of them climbing upon me. This is a joy without parallel. Sometimes they both come at the same time, but more often than not its one followed shortly after by the other. For a few minutes they are docile and then we rapidly proceed into the roles of the tickler and the tickled. By 6:30 we are all out of bed, my wife is in the shower and Im up, turning on Nick Jar. And starting to make chocolate milk and breakfast. I usually always have to referee between the two while picking out their clothes, locating shoes, and wiping hands and faces.Dont forget their allergy declined and vitamins, because seems like one Of them is always got the sniffles. By 7:30 wave got our coats on and out the door. Iris is off to pre-K and Tactics off to Discovery School. Dawns off to work, and Im off to school. Attend a couple of classes, come home let the dog out, do some homework, and then its off to pick up Iris. I come home, ask her about her day, and then we usually play for awhile. Try to squeeze in reading or homework, that way can spend time with my wife when she and Tactics get home.Fix dinner, fold clothes, run a bath, read a bedtime story, get them a drink of water, and alma them back down, hopefully only once by 8:30 p. M. It all flies by so fast, my wife and I relax, maybe watch a movie that we fall asleep through, and if we are lucky we get to sleep until six. General to Specific There are many types of music whose sound varies greatly that are still considered rock music. Most people today would hardly consider the music of Elvis, Buddy Holly, and Chuck Berry as being rock music, but they are. Bands like the Beetles, the Rolling Stones, and Led Zeppelin are now considered classic rock.Rock music has continually been changing, not always for the best. Remember the glam rock bands Poison and Motley Cruel? During the 1 asss bands like the Smiths, the Cure was part of the rock scene coming over from Britain called new wave. Grunge rock produced the icons Nirvana and Pearl Jam who sound was a lot more stripped down and had a grittier feel. The varying and ever dynamic progression has led to punk rock such bands such as the Sex Pistols, hardcore bands like Hatred, even into specific little jaunts like memo rock examples Taking Back Sunday. This genres within the genre go on and on and I suppose always will.John Denver was even partially considered by some to rock music by some. I suppose next time someone asks me what type of music I listen to will be a bit more specific when I tell them, rock music. Specific to General Drag cars are some of the fastest and most dangerous cars that are made. They are not driven on our regular streets but on special tracks called drag strips. Most people will never drive a top fueled drag car because the time and cost of building one is rather exorbitant. Select groups of the population are able to afford the high end performance cars such as Ferreira andLampooning. These cars are still major assembled by hand and cost well over a hundred and fifty thousand dollars. There are also some fairly affordable performance cars out there such as the Corvette Z and Audio TTT who offer better than average speed and handling but at less exclusive price. Car makers have even made horsepower and handling available in widely affordable cars such as the Chevy Camera, Dodge Challenger, and Ford Mustang GET. These cars are relatively inexpensive in comparison with high end cars and are very popular amongst normal daily commuters.You dont eve to be seeking luxury or horsepower to get from one place to another because most all car manufacturers produce one economy car or another. Even brands such as Aka and Haunted cater to people seeking a reliable and affordable means of travel. Question and Answer Were the pyramids in Egypt built by human hands? I know that the broad consensus is that teams of Egyptians rallied together to move the huge stones that comprise th e elaborate pyramids, but dont think thats very logical. For one reason, todays top architects and engineers cannot replicate the technology or apparatus necessary to erect such a feat.Another puzzling fact is how precisely the pyramids are engineered, each corner pointing true N, S, E, and W. Where did this technology disappear to? If evolution is true, then by logical deduction, then even greater feats than these should be occurring today, but they arent. What if that technology were not their own? In the book of Genesis chapter 6 talks of fallen angels who descended upon the earth and had sexual relations with women to produce a race of giants called the Oenophile. These humanoids were rumored to be 18 to 30 feet tall. David is said to have slain one of the remnants of the giants, Goliath with a tone from slingshot.